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Hi friends, In this article i will describe computer abbreviations a to z in this article. Friends, you will know computer abbreviations full form here.

Basic Computer Abbreviations List 

CPU = Central Processing Unit

RAM = Random Access Memory

ROM = Read Only Memory

PROM = Programmable Read Only Memory

EPROM = Erasable PROM

EEPROM = Electrically EPROM

HDD = Hard Disk Drive

FDD = Floppy Disk Drive

KBD = KeyBoard

I/O = Input & Output

CD = Compact Disk

DVD = Digital Video Disk

SMPS = Switch Mode Power Supply

POST = Power ON Self Test

BIOS = Basic Input Output System

VDU = Visible Display Unit

LED = Light Embedded Diode

LCD = Liquid Crystal Display

USB = Universal Serial Bus

VGA = Video/Visual Graphic Adapter

LAN = Local Area Network

WAN = Wide Area Network

MAN = Metropolitan Area Network

HLL = High Level Language

LLL = Low Level Language

MIPS = Million of Instruction Per Second

Mbps = Mega Bytes Per second

Kbps = Kilo Bytes per second

HTTP = Hyper Text Templates

WWW = World Wide Web

IP = Internet Protocol

ISP = Internet Service Provider

4 Bits = 1 Nibble

8 Bits = 1 Byte

1024 Bytes = 1 Kilo Byte ( KB )

1024 KB = 1 Mega Byte ( MB )

1024 MB = 1 Gyga Byte ( GB )

1024 GB = 1 Tera Byte ( TB )

1024 TB = 1 Peta Byte ( PB )

1024 PB = 1 Exa Byte ( EB )

1024 EB = 1 Zetta Byte ( ZB )

1024 ZB = 1 Yotta Byte ( YB )

HTTP – Hyper Text Transfer Protocol.

HTTPS – Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secure.

IP – Internet Protocol.

URL – Uniform Resource Locator.

USB – Universal Serial Bus.

VIRUS – Vital Information Resource Under Seized.

3G – 3rd Generation.

GSM – Global System for Mobile Communication.

CDMA – Code Division Multiple Access.

UMTS – Universal Mobile Telecommunication System.

SIM – Subscriber Identity Module.

AVI – Audio Video Interleave

RTS – Real Time Streaming

SIS – Symbian OS Installer File

AMR – Adaptive Multi-Rate Codec

JAD – Java Application Descriptor

JAR – Java Archive

JAD – Java Application Descriptor

3GPP – 3rd Generation Partnership Project

3GP – 3rd Generation Project

MP3 – MPEG player lll

MP4 – MPEG-4 video file

AAC – Advanced Audio Coding

GIF – Graphic Interchangeable Format…

Continue Students of B.Ed.B.S.M.A.M.Sc and M.Ed. Don’t send admission now. Last date for admission is 18th October. You can wait till 10th October. The benefit of the result is that if any paper fails. In this same semester, the entry of failure code will also go along with it. In this way, your time will be saved by 6 months.

Big News About AIOU Continue Students 2022

Big News About AIOU Continue Students 2022

Those who have applied for admission online but have not submitted the fee, their new challan will be generated again. Those who have submitted it need not apply again.

Semester Autumn 2021 BA/AD/B.Com result and assignment number have been uploaded on the CMS account. Complete results are not released yet so students wait. Will be uploaded on CMS in the next few days.

BA, BCom AD, Autumn 2021 Result in Subject Final Exam Marks 0?

• First check the complete result information of the subject. By clicking on view course detail.
• Marks of Final Exam are written zero in the Marks box?

So did you give your paper? If given and still 0 marks, then revision application will be given.

Application Link: https://aiou.edu.pk/Downloads/Result%20Revision%20form.doc

Print the application and fill it completely. Students who do not have roll number will write Student ID. Those who have roll number should write both roll numbers and Student ID and fill the rest of the information as well.

Copy of roll number slip with application. Attested copy of ID card. And will send to the address of Examination Department Block No. 3 Allama Iqbal Open University Sector H8 Islamabad. Thank you.

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Cryptocurrency: A cryptocurrency is a currency that does not depend on banks or the government. Cryptocurrencies are created and secured by cryptographic techniques. Many cryptocurrencies are based on the technology of blockchain and are decentralized networks.

Blockchain technology is a distributed ledger implemented by a diverse computer network. A cryptocurrency, crypto-currency, or crypto is a digital currency designed to work as a medium of exchange through a computer network that is not reliant on any central authority, such as a government or bank, to uphold or maintain it.

Cryptocurrency Price | Market And Latest News 2022

History

In 1983, David Chaum was an American cryptographer. He conceived unidentified electronic cryptographic money known as cash. Then he applied it to Digicash in 1995. It was an initial form of electronic payment. The Digicash system needed the user’s software to draw out notes from the bank and designate particular keys before they could be sent to a recipient.

The first decentralized cryptographic currency“bitcoin” was created by an unrevealed creator named Satoshi Nakamoto in 2009. The proof of work scheme, it used a harsh SHA-256, the function of cryptography. Another Litecoin was published in 2011, which makes use of script instead of SHA-256 as a hash function.

In 2021, bitcoin will be accepted by the only country El Salvador, and given the position as a legal tender. In September 2021, China banned the cryptocurrency and declared all the transactions are illegal.

Advantages of cryptocurrency

• Cryptocurrency is a digital asset with no monetary authority and the interference of a third party. It is an easier way to transfer funds between parties.
• It is a self-governed and managed currency, their transactions are stored by miners on their hardware
• It is a secure and private system because the blockchain system has many puzzles which cannot be easy to decode. Transfers are protected by public and private keys.
• It is a faster transaction system as compared to other traditional platforms like banks
• Investment in cryptocurrencies can increase profits. Such as bitcoin in the last 10 years reached 2 trillion dollars. But in May 2022, bitcoin value was $550 billion in the cryptocurrency market.

Disadvantages of cryptocurrency

• Cryptocurrency is also linked with criminals. They progressively use this currency for undesirable tasks involving money laundering and illegal transactions.
• The mining system is high-energy-consuming. Because of high energy costs and the unpredictable nature of mining, the industry is now dominated by enormous companies with sales in billions of dollars.
• Cryptocurrencies blockchain is an extremely secure system, but sometimes the wallet and exchanges may be hacked and millions of dollars have been stolen.
• Some economists thought that cryptocurrencies have a short lifetime. For example, when we talk, bitcoin’s value has dropped to the value of $7,575 these months after reaching its peak of $17,738 in 2017.

Important cryptocurrencies other than bitcoin

1. Ethereum

Ethereum was established in 2015 and is the 2^nd largest digital currency.

Ethereum is another form of cryptocurrency after bitcoin, which is a decentralized software system that allows smart contracts and apps to raise and move with no interruption, control, fraud, or intervention from the third party. Anyone in this world can easily access financial products by Ethereum. By the end of March 2022, the trading of Ethereum was $2,565 per ether lower than half of the bitcoin currency.

2. Solana (SOL)

Solana is a faster transaction system than Ethereum. It can perform many transactions per second. It is a blockchain system built to support decentralized Apps, founded in 2017. Ethereum and Solana both can develop smart contracts which are necessary for running.

3. Cardano (ADA)

Cardano has the 8^th largest market capitalization at $26.9 billion in March 2022 and trades with a value of around $0.80 per ADA. Cardano intends to become the global financial operating system by creating Defi products equivalent to Ethereum’s and providing solutions for voter fraud, contract tracing, and chain interoperability.

4. Bitcoin Cash

It is the most successful hard fork related to blockchain technology of the original bitcoin, among others. In the world of cryptocurrency, a split occurs due to disagreements and debates between miners and developers. Bitcoin cash started in 2017. In March 2022 bitcoin chain has a market capitalization of around $5.5 billion and a value of $286.97 per token.

5. Binance Coin (BNB)

By capitalization of the market, it is the third biggest cryptocurrency. Those users who utilize the token for payment for trade can exchange it at a low price.

Future updates for cryptocurrencies

At the start of 2022, the investors of cryptocurrency were on edge the most famous CRYPTO: BTC (bitcoin) prices increase up to 61%. Another popular cryptocurrency Ethereum increase by 409 percent in the previous year.

In the spring of 2022, bearish patterns overwhelmed the most optimistic market momentum of 2021. Due to increased inflation and other issues like Russia’s invasion of Ukraine and micro-economic concerns, the stock market collapsed.

Expert predictions

According to Professor Alexander, a finance expert predicts that bitcoin will drop to a value of $10,000 in 2022, wiping out most of its gain in the previous year and a half.

But some other market analysts and experts don’t see any crash in 2022.

Sayantani Sanyal claimed that there are many factors involved in higher the prices of bitcoin, especially increased business adoption and increased demand for bitcoin ETFs.

According to the Sanyal market, analysts expect that bitcoin will achieve the price of $100,000 at the end of 2023, while other experts believe that it could reach that level in the first quarter of 2022. Some investors predicted that the bitcoin exchange-traded fund (ETF) could be approved in the US this year.

Cryptocurrency market prediction for 2023

It is difficult to predict what will happen exactly in the crypto market in 2023. Now it’s a need particularly to pay attention to a problem of crucial details:

• Mass-market adoption of payments of cryptocurrency
• Regulation of cryptocurrency in the U.S and abroad
• ETF depends on bitcoin and other different digital currencies
• Bitcoin and other digital currencies are adopted by countries as a legal tender

FAQs About Cryptocurrency

How does cryptocurrency work?

Unlike Euros and US dollars, cryptocurrency is a digital and decentralized way of exchange. The value of cryptocurrency is not maintained by any authority. You can buy daily life goods and services with this digital currency. People like to invest as they do in other valuable metals and stocks. Transactions are through blockchain. It is like a small checkbook linked with an extensive network of computers. These blocks keep the records of transactions and link with the previous transaction.

Are cryptocurrencies legal?

What is the difference between fiat currency and cryptocurrency?

Fiat currency is a legal currency supported by the government and controlled by a banking system like the US dollar. Fiat currency is not intrinsic. But with cryptocurrencies, are not backed by any monetary authority or private entities. Using cryptocurrencies in regular transactions and trading is influenced by their legal status. El Salvador was the country in the world that permits cryptocurrency bitcoin with legal status for transactions in 2021.

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Introduction of bitcoin: Bitcoin is a digital currency designed to work as money. You can exchange it, store it, and make a payment with it. This currency removes the need for the involvement of third-party in financial transactions. It operates freely, with no central control.

Bitcoin USD (BTC-USD) Price, Value, News & History In 2022

History of Bitcoin

The domain name bitcoin was invented in August 2008 by an unknown group of developers. This group uses the name Satoshi Nakamoto. This word describes in the white paper. Bitcoin software as an open-source code was implemented by Nakamotos and issued on January 9, 2009. In 2011, a bitcoin-QT 0.5.0 version was announced.

The first bitcoin transaction received was Hal Finney, who had generated the first useable proof-of-work system in 2004. The starter prices in 2011 were $0.30 per bitcoin, increasing to $5.27. In 2012, price begin at $5.27 growing to $13.30 for the year. In 2012, for the promotion of bitcoin uptake and development, a bitcoin foundation was established.

In 2013, blockchain split into two chains for some time because of some malfunction in the 0.8 version of the bitcoin software. The release of the 0.10 version was public on February 16, 2015. In 2015, bitcoin prices started at $314 and grow to $434.

In 2016, prices increased and climbed to 998 dollars in 2017. The software segregated witness [SegWit] upgrade was accepted in July 2017. With the approval of [SegWit], the bitcoin price increased almost 50%. SegWit was activated on August 24, 2017. During a board market selloff in March 2020, bitcoin decreased below 4,000 dollars after trading exceeding 10,000 dollars in February 2022.

In March 2022, Pavel Zavalny claimed that Russia might allow bitcoin for the payment of gas and oil exports. Bitcoin was adopted by the African Republic as a legal tender, along with the CFA franc. Because of the collapse of the UST stable coin, the bitcoin price fell to $31,324 in May 2022.

Benefits of bitcoin

• Cryptocurrency does not use a banking system. Any organization or government cannot control bitcoin.
• In the stock exchange, there are many risks, and it controls by risky investments. In this condition, digital currencies support people and offer them to take control back.
• Blockchain and bitcoin have some potential to make a difference in wealth distribution.
• Different companies are using bitcoin for the ease of their business need.
• Merchant: bitcoin payments have been accepted by restaurants and bookstores.
• Bitcoin-related services companies provide payment to their customers in the form of mobile phones, topping up, anonymization services, and tipping services.
• People use this digital currency for their daily life needs. For example, it is used for shopping, savings, and salaries.

FAQs About Bitcoin

What is the purpose of bitcoin ?

The purpose of bitcoin is to send money over the internet. It depends upon peer-to-peer software and cryptography. Without permission from a bank or any institution, anyone can use the bitcoin network. Bitcoin does not distinguish between its users. It does not matter where they belong, what they do, and who they are; all are equal.

Can bitcoin be converted to cash?

There are several cryptocurrency exchanges are present where the customers can exchange their currency online. Bitcoin can be converted into cash like an asset. But it can only be possible on that platform, allowing bitcoin exchange, but any official mechanism is not present to convert currency.

What is the bitcoin mining system?

Mining is a process that is operated by a computer system to maintain the bitcoin network. It maintains the blockchain complete, consistent, and unalterable because of the continuous grouping of newly broadcast transactions into a block and verify by the nodes. All the transactions are broadcast on the network, and large amounts of transactions are bundled by miners into blocks by completing cryptographic calculations. It is very easy to verify, but extremely difficult to generate. All blocks contain an SHA-256 cryptographic hash of an earlier block. It links with the previous block and gives the name to the blockchain.

What is Bitcoin Blockchain technology?

Blockchain is a new database or a list of coded digital blocks protectively linked with each other. Data are secured in the blockchain by an encryption system. When a transaction occurs, information is copied to a new block from the previous one, with new data. The transaction is verified by miners in the network.

Blockchain permits digital currencies, like bitcoin, to function and increase security. It can adapt to.

• Financial services
• Smart contracts
• Energy trading
• Video games
• Supply chains

What problems are faced by bitcoin digital currency?

•  There are some major issues faced by digital currency. The miner network system is an energy-starving system. The energy calculator uses for this purpose. According to estimation, consumed energy was 100 terawatt-hours annually. Its costs are more than platinum or gold.
• According to critics, they think it can be a source of black-market transactions, and it has also been linked to criminality.
• There are some technical issues like theft, wild currency fluctuation, and scaling problems

What risks are involved in a bitcoin investment?

• Insurance risks
• Market risks
• Fraud risks
• Regulatory risks
• Security risks

Investors have been attracted to bitcoin because of the increase in its prices in the recent year. Bitcoin had a price of $7,167.52 in December, and a year later, over 300% to $28,984.98 on 31, 2019.

People purchase bitcoin for its investment value instead of its ability to act to exchange. Because of the digital nature of bitcoin and lack of guaranteed value its purchase carries various risks. Investor’s alerts have been released by.

• financial industry-regulatory Authority (FINRA)
• Securities and exchange commissions (SEC)
• Consumer financial protection bureau (CFPB)

Expert predictions about bitcoin price in 2022

Cryptocurrency experts have different reviews about the price of this digital currency. Many experts still believe that bitcoin prices will rise although bitcoin prices are decreasing for some time. But they have faith that bitcoin has the potential to reach US 100,000 dollars. According to the prediction of TechNewsLeader bitcoin price will persist at US 42,664 dollars..

• Jerome Powell said on June 22, 2022, because of an increase in interest rates, recession may occur. It is followed by cryptocurrency, and the U.S. stock market is downed. He also admits that because of the increase in interest rates by FED, could also enhance the unemployment rate.
• FED reported on June 10, 2022 Inflation rate raised to 8.6% which is the highest rate in the last 40 years. Due to panic, selling price of bitcoin decreased by 5% in the next 24 hr.
• According to a report in “The Economic Times”, a new policy is released by U.S Federal Reserve. It is a monetary policy about the market control of cryptocurrency. The major stock exchange that can fall the cryptocurrency and the stock exchange is also under monetary policy.

I hope my dear friends you will gain informative informations and knowledge about bitcoin and understand better to invest in cryptocurrency. Please share my article with your friends on facebook,whatsapp and other platforms.

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It may be relatively small, but there are many reasons to study in Austria, including a number of universities which rank among the world’s best. In terms of area, Austria is no bigger than the US state of Maine, and in terms of population, it is home to roughly the same number of people as the UK capital, London. But this beautiful Central European country, full of stunning landscapes and exuberant cities, should certainly not be judged on size.

This is the land which brought the world great composers such as Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and innovative thinkers such as Sigmund Freud and Ludwig Wittgenstein – not to forget the iconic musical, The Sound of Music, and the equally memorable one-liners of actor-turned-politician Arnold Schwarzenegger.

Want to study in Austria? Click on the tabs below for information about the top universities in Austria, popular student cities, and what steps to take next.

Ranked 281st in the world overall, Universität Innsbruck outdoes even the University of Vienna when it comes to internationalisation. It ranks within the world’s top 35 for its proportion of international students, and the top 95 for proportion of international faculty members. The university’s total student enrolment is around 28,000, making it the third largest in Austria. Its facilities are spread throughout the attractive city of Innsbruck, towards the west of the country, which is renowned as a major snowsports hub. Given this mountain-surrounded location, it’s unsurprising that Universität Innsbruck is particularly renowned for its work in the field of mountain research. Other Austrian universities ranked among the world’s best include Graz University of Technology, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Karl-Franzens-Universitaet Graz and Paris Lodron University of Salzburg.

Where to Study

As more destinations around the world develop world-class universities, there have never been so many attractive possibilities for international students. Find your own ideal study abroad destination with our student-focused study destination guides, covering university admissions, fees, scholarships, visas, local life and more.

Dating back to 1636, Harvard University is the oldest university in the US and is regarded as one of the most prestigious in the world.

It was named after its first benefactor, John Harvard, who left his library and half his estate to the institution when he died in 1638.

The private Ivy League institution has connections to more than 45 Nobel laureates, over 30 heads of state and 48 Pulitzer prizewinners. It has more than 323,000 living alumni, including over 271,000 in the US and nearly 52,000 in 201 other countries. Thirteen US presidents have honorary degrees from the institution; the most recent of these was awarded to John F. Kennedy in 1956.

Faculty members who have been awarded a Nobel prize in recent years include chemist Martin Karplus and economist Alvin Roth, while notable alumni who were given the honour include former US vice-president Al Gore, who won the Peace Prize in 2007, and poet Seamus Heaney, who was a professor at Harvard from 1981 to 1997.

Situated in Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard’s 5,000-acre campus houses 12 degree-granting schools in addition to the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study, two theatres and five museums. It is also home to the largest academic library in the world, with 20.4 million volumes, 180,000 serial titles, an estimated 400 million manuscript items, 10 million photographs, 124 million archived web pages and 5.4 terabytes of born-digital archives and manuscripts.

There are more than 400 student organisations on campus, and Harvard’s medical school is connected to 10 hospitals.

The university receives one of the largest financial endowments of any higher education institution in the world; it created $1.5 billion in the fiscal year ended June 2013 – more than a third of Harvard’s total operating revenue in that year.

Harvard’s official colour is crimson, following a vote in 1910, after two student rowers provided crimson scarves to their teammates so that spectators could differentiate the university’s team during a regatta in 1858.

It may be relatively small, but there are many reasons to study in Austria, including a number of universities which rank among the world’s best. In terms of area, Austria is no bigger than the US state of Maine, and in terms of population, it is home to roughly the same number of people as the UK capital, London. But this beautiful Central European country, full of stunning landscapes and exuberant cities, should certainly not be judged on size.

This is the land which brought the world great composers such as Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and innovative thinkers such as Sigmund Freud and Ludwig Wittgenstein – not to forget the iconic musical, The Sound of Music, and the equally memorable one-liners of actor-turned-politician Arnold Schwarzenegger.

Want to study in Austria? Click on the tabs below for information about the top universities in Austria, popular student cities, and what steps to take next.

Austria’s second representative in the rankings is Vienna University of Technology, in joint 180^th place. Established in 1815, it’s one of the most prestigious technical institutions in Europe. The university focuses on the fields of engineering and natural sciences, and has around 29,900 students enrolled, with an impressively high percentage of international students. Again located in the beautiful Austrian capital, it offers students the opportunity to take advantage of the city’s vibrant cultural life.

Where to Study

As more destinations around the world develop world-class universities, there have never been so many attractive possibilities for international students. Find your own ideal study abroad destination with our student-focused study destination guides, covering university admissions, fees, scholarships, visas, local life and more.